Abelard And Heloises Love Letters

Abelard And Heloises Love Letters The letters sent between Abelard and Heloise discuss many controversial characteristics of their time period. They converse about sex, virginity, a womans role in the society, and punishment which in turn shows the ethics, religious views, and morals of their time. In contrast to these topics it also portrays the problems the church and society had when faced with these ideas that did not follow along according to the Bible. The ethics and rules of living were heavily connected to the church in Abelard and Heloises time unlike modern times. In this society the clergy was the most respected albeit feared power in the land. As such people were expected to follow and adhere to everything said in the Bible. They were supposed to live their lives accordingly to the Bible. Any knowledge was supposed to be used to further exemplify God and never to be used to refute God, his rules, or his teachings. If it were to be used as such then people were as saying heresy and excommunicated from the church and scorned by others. Every aspect of this time period and society were centered around the church. In this highly restricted society the letters sent between the two lovers allows us insight into the topics of the sanctity of virginity, sex once married, the penalties for sex without marriage, and the roles women were expected to play without any complaints or persuasion in the society of Abelard and Heloise. The sanctity of virginity was a great prize during Abelard and Heloises time, around the twelfth century. It was prized and held to high esteem but for the wrong reasons. Many believed the longer a woman held onto her virginity the closer she would become to God. Abelard reckons that, The more God is pleased by the abstinence and continence which women have dedicated to him, the more willing he will be to grant their prayers.(123) Men of this society believe virginity should be in devotion to God but Abelard believed it was to please society that many women did it, not to please God. While Heloise does agree she says Men think being pure of flesh, a virgin, is a virtue. She also believes that that virtue comes from the soul not from the body. Being a virgin was considered something we as humans do to please God when in fact it is actually more of a spiritual or religious trait. Society only placed a value upon outward appearances as a virgin but allowed lustful temptations to be thou ght as long as it was not acted upon. Abelard considered virgins not pure if they thought dirty because the body and soul are one and the same. Society respected the display of virginity but cared little if a person actually believed in what they were doing or if a person actually wanted to do what they were doing. Not only were people curious about virginity but they were also clueless about the relationship once sex is permitted after marriage. Many believed God has allowed sex once one is married to the one they have married. Even though Abelard does believe this he still feels animosity while having sex with his own wife especially during the days of Our Lords Passion (147). Although sex is to be allowed after marriage the church did have rules as to when a couple could be together. Sex altogether is accepted during Abelard and Heloises era but it hinted at as being bad since the church must regulate it. Since the church can say when it alright and not alright to have sex then t his associates that there must be some type of evil or ungodliness regarding sex. Abelard never admits that he agrees with what the rabble think of him and Heloise he does say that the people think it was desire, not affection which bound you to me, the flame of lust rather than of love (116). Abelard does not know why he has transgressed what he has, taking Heloises virginity and having sex on holy days, so like any person he has to place the blame on someone or something else so he blames it on the emotion of lust which leads him to give up his love of Heloise though she still loves him. Due to their society ingraining in them the ever powerful rule of God, Abelard and Heloise expect God to punish them for their sins. Abelard accepts Gods punishment without any hassle and does not question it. Heloise on the other hand goes on to say that all the laws of being equal under the eye of God were reversed when it came to their judgment. Heloise is confused because God did not punish her and Abelard while they were committing the sins of sex before marriage but instead decided to punish them after they became married. She considers it reversed because while they did the bad deed no bad befell them but once they had obeyed Gods rule the punishment fell upon them harshly. Heloise complains to Abelard about how harsh Gods punishment is on them but Abelard believes it was all part of Gods will. He believes that Heloise was sent to him by God to cause him to be castrated forcing him closer to God. This shows that in this society people were confused and had very different views on Gods punishment but even so they did accept it. Throughout their letters Abelard is quick to remind Heloise about her place in society reinforcing the role women played in this society. The most obvious role of women in this society was that women were secondary to men. Heloise further reinforces this patriarchy upon herself when she notices Abelard places her name first on the letter before his own. Heloise tells him that it should not be so and that she is inferior to his since she is a women and as such his name should come before his (127). Abelard does agree and states that that is the natural order of the world. As common practice in this society women are underneath men and wives are expected to always, always serve their husbands. A women has many other expected roles too. Above all, and the most degrading of all she is expected to be good in bed. Another expected role from a women is to always make her husband happy. Many times Abelard says things like a good wife makes her husband a happy man. All in all society only wan t and believe a woman should make a man happy, love him, and serve him. Even with all of this women can still be viewed as evil or corruption in this society. Heloise says men are most easily brought to ruin through their wives (131) Heloise never objects to the views Abelard projects onto her or other women in this society. Heloise perfectly shows way of thinking of a typical women in this society. She says that she will change her clothes, her mind, and her body all to prove Abelard as the one owner of her body and will. She even goes on to say she wants nothing but Abelard and that she looked for no marriage-bond, no marriage portion I prefer love to wedlock and freedom to chains (113). She would give up her life and everything she has for Abelard. These letters above all else show the corruption and the influence of man upon the church of God. Heloise states that if man does not offend or deny the opinions of clergy men they will receive the highest of praise. Any form of thinking that disrupts or goes against what the church is preaching is branded as heresy and usually leads to the threats on the persons life or even the death of the person. Many people decide which verses and tenets of the Bible to follow and ignore the ones that do not benefit them in the short or long run. The clergymen in Abelard and Heloises era and our era flaunt their wealth even though the Bible tells about modesty they choose to ignore it. Abelard thinks this is wrong in the churches of his time. Another fault that is prominent in this society but not thought upon as evidenced in the absence of Abelards thoughts upon it is racism. Abelard says Ethiopian women are not as pretty as white women but they are better in bed. And he also says that the colo r of the Ethiopian women are a disfigurement (140). The discussions had through letters between Abelard and Heloise about virginity, sex, marriage, Gods punishment have allowed us sight into the twelfth centurys morals, ethics, and it truly highlights the problems within the church that have continued on until this modern day. While virginity is cherished, sex after marriage is allowed by the Bible, the punishment of God is expected when a sin is committed, and the roles of women are enforced in this society there are many flaws. Virginity is prized only on the outside, sex is allowed after marriage but still regulated by the church, punishment is expected but viewed differently by each person, and society treat women second to men. Even though Heloise questions Gods punishment and is confused about it she never once questions her role in society she accepts it. This goes to show how strong a society can impact a single person.

1984 by George Orwell Essay

â€Å"George Orwell once offered this definition of heroism: ordinary people doing whatever they can to change social systems that do not respect human decency, even with the knowledge that they can’t possibly succeed. † In George Orwell’s novel, 1984, the protagonist, Winston Smith is described in words of being the ordinary, everyday man to the dystopian society that Orwell envisions to us through Winston’s eyes. the life of a Oceanian citizen. However, in the closing of the novel he admits his admiration for Big Brother.My definition of a hero falls basically along those words but slightly more of a cliche thought to it in the way of the hero is willing to risk their life to abide by true morals in conquering the foundation of the inhumane treatment brought upon the blameless for the justice of everyone. The hero is suppose to be of selfless act and thought. With thorough analysis of Winston and his thoughts and actions throughout the novel, by Orwellâ €™s definition, along with my own i do not consider Winston Smith to be hero. First to address that in a dystopian state there is not a clear manifestation of true heroism.In a society where the extent of individuality is merely greeting a fellow citizen,even then limited to â€Å" greetings comrade†, there are just rebels. A rebel is what i would identify Winston as, not a hero. The supposed heroic actions Winston commits throughout the novel were not heroic at all, but frankly his personal rebellions rather than a need to rebel against the government in the hopes of altering the social society. Winston’s first encounter of rebelling against the Party was the day we wrote a journal entry in secrecy consisting of the phrase â€Å"DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER†.After writing this he knew immediately that he was well condemned to be caught by the Thought Police and due to this fact Winston began carelessly engaging in law breaking actions that put him at even greater risks. This thinking would be seen as careless and selfish, for all forbidden actions were only done to please himself. Actions and thoughts of that manner would not have been in the slightest consideration to commit to a hero who is undoubtedly wanting to change the condition of the government as a whole.Even though Winston contributed to committing acts against the government that are quite  courageous, it was all in a discrete manner. Instead of engaging in an open revolt, Winston’s sexual escapades with Julia and journal entries were in secrecy and remote locations that were never repeated twice, also in the room provided by Mr. Charrington. I interpreted Winston’s approach to act in confidence from everyone around him out of the fear of the reactions of people during the two minute hate, telescreens, hidden microphones, and brainwashed, spying neighbours outing you at the first open moment to save themselves very cowardice rather than make an open revolt.The ope n revolt would have spoken actions of a hero, â€Å"ordinary people doing whatever they can to change social systems that do not respect human decency, even with the knowledge that they can’t possibly succeed†. Basically even if Winston’s public revolt to get others to go against rather than conform to the Party’s laws and live in fear didn’t succeed, it would have been the effort that counts for what a hero would do to better a country, people, or even the world. The fear Winston felt and had thought of in the back of his mind that he mentioned all kept him regretting the actions he took part in.To further the concept of the substantial influence fear contributed to Winston’s choice of actions that defies the the meaning of a hero, is the time he was in his Room 101 and the his great fear of rats were thrust upon him for torture by O'Brien in the Ministry of Love, and he unhesitantly shouted to place the torture among Julia, a complete cowa rdly act. This alone speaks for itself that Winston is no hero, he is an ordinary person who falls under the control of the Party when under pressure of their tactics.In addition to his cowardly act, he also betrays Julia when he rats her out to the Party and tells of how it was all her, she was the one who influence the revolt. This contradicts the characteristics of hero because a hero is determined to stand by what they most care about and never act against their purpose, so for Winston this was not a demonstration of heroism, but a selfish act of fear to put complete blame on Julia, his former lover at the end of the book. To conclude my stance on whether Winston Smith should be considered a hero is he is not a hero at all, just the ordinary citizen living in a dystopian society.

Bses

Date of Print Out: 29. 10. 2012 BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. Due Date: 05-11-2012 Electricity Bill Name : Mr. HIREN UPADHYAYA BIlling S/O Mr. DINESH UPADHYAYA PROP NO-T-61, Address :TF (F/P) WESTERN SIDE BHOGAL ROAD, BHOGAL NEW DELHI 110014 Sanctioned Load Contract Demand MDI Power Factor Pole No. Book No. Walking Sequence Circle / Zone Tariff Category Meter No Units 21129618 21129618 KWH KW CA No. CRN No. Energisation Date Meter Type Supply Type Bill No. Bill Basis : 101973953 : 2540258523 : 11. 06. 2009 : 1PSK : LT : 100780497688 : Actual Cycle No. Mobile / Tel. No. : 9999331714 District / Division : Nizamuddin Meter Status: OKBilling Period: NOV-12 Bill Date: 16-10-2012 : 4. 00 : : 7. 10 : 1. 000 : NZDPG641S1 : BRJ : BRJ010061A0AA : SOUTH-1 : Domestic : 12 Customer Care Centre No. 39999707 Billed Consumption (Current) Date of Meter Reading Reading 09-10-2012 22,386. 00 09-10-2012 7. 10 Billing Details Billed Consumption (Previous) Date of Meter Reading Reading 09-08-2012 19,131. 00 Cu rrent Period Charges ( 10-08-2012 to 09-10-2012 Multiplication Factor Current Consumption Days Units 1. 00 1. 00 61 3,255. 00 7. 10 ) Fixed Charges (A) Slab-wise Energy Charges Slab-wise FPA/PPA TOD [email  protected]% Elec. tricity Total Amount on (E= Tax @ 5% (A+B+C+D+E+ Cons.Measrd Billed Units Unit Amount(B) FPA/PP Amount(C) TOD% on Surg/Rebt . A+B+D+R) (F) F) During Rate A% B Amount (D) 200. 00 800. 00 4. 80 3840. 00 .00 1580. 16 1055. 81 22387. 97 2. 00 Mth(s) 2,455. 00 6. 40 15712. 00 .00 3255. 00 TOTAL 19552. 00 .00 Past Dues / Refunds / Subsidy Arrears / Refunds Period to which it relates Late Payment Surcharge (LPSC) Other Charges, if any * Total Charges Payable Rebate(R) / Subsidy* Net Amount Payable 0. 00 Amount 4. 50 22392. 47 0. 00/0. 00 22392. 47 0. 00 rnd_prvbil, Amount not immediately payable, if any. Rs. 0. 00 Reasons Security Deposit with DISCOM Bill Amount Payable Rs. 2400. 00Interest accrued for FY 2011-12 already adjusted in bill No. 101140291823 Rs. (120. 20 ) ( generated for the period 15-02-2012 to13-04-2012). Interest for FY 2012-13 will be adjusted in your first bill to be generated in FY 2013-14 Rs. 22390. 00 Due Date of Payment 05-11-2012 If payment is made after the due date, LPSC for the delay, shall be charged in the next bill. Last payment Rs. 35520. 00 received on 31-08-2012 Payment Accounted Upto. 13-10-2012 The connection shall be liable for disconnection on non payment of all dues(including arrears of previous bill(s)) by due date, after notice as per Section 56(1) of the Electricity Act, 2003. i) This bill has been prepared as per revised tariff order communicated vide DERC order no F. 11(771)/DERC/2011-12/1577 & 1578 dated 27th June 2012. ii) As per DERC order no F. 3(298)/Tariff/DERC/2010-11/2601/1606 dated 29th June 2012, FPA shall not be charged from 1st July 2012. Hence FPA has been discontinued for the energy consumption after 1st July 2012. iii) As per GoNCTD order no. F 11(69)/2006/Power/pt/1211 dated 2nd April 20 12, a subsidy of Rs 1/- per unit to all domestic consumers consuming upto 200 units per month will be available till further orders by Government of NCT of Delhi. The amount of security deposit against your connection is mentioned herewith under Security Deposit with DISCOM. Please check this amount and report any discrepancy in that regard by furnishing documentary proof available with you at the customer care centre of respective division office. ENERGY SAVED IS ENERGY PRODUCED. (This bill is computer generated, hence does not require signature. ) ————————————————————— —————————————————————- ———–ReceiptPayment Slip * Make your cheque/DD payable to BRPL CA No. 10197 3953 * Cheque should not be post dated. * Write your telephone number on reverse of the cheque. * Cheque should be account payee and payable at Delhi * Do not Staple. Only clip the cheque to payment slip.. Bill amount payable: Rs. 22390. 00 Cheque/DD No. 1200R101973953000002239247201211050000000000 Registered office:BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. BSES Bhavan Nehru Place New Delhi 110019 A joint venture of Reliance Infrastructure Ltd. & Govt. of NCT. Delhi. Bill month:NOV-12 Date:

The Global Financial Crisis Of 2008 Essay - 1925 Words

Regulation is the process of making rules and legislations, thus creating a sort of supervisory system to be carried out by all firms and individuals. Managers are trusted by customers of financial service firms with their monetary resources, as in most cases clients do not fully understand how their money is being circulated once handed over. Although it can cost billions to pay for regulators to carry out their jobs, firms still pay for these services as it may bring more benefits in the long run as compared to drawbacks. (Arnold, 2012) Every firm or organisation needs regulation to ensure that minimum standards are being observed, to protect the customers and the money they decide to invest in a company. In a broader sense, it is possible for the occurrence of a financial crisis to be associated with financial regulation, or its lack thereof. In this essay, I will be writing regarding the global financial crisis of 2008 that began in the United States (US) and proceeded to affect the rest of the world following its collapse. Without proper regulation, customers would be at a loss. This is because in a financial service company, managers and employees are provided a set information that differs compared to what is known by its clients. The problem of asymmetric information without absolute injunction is that it could potentially lead to a string of other problems that could harm the safety and soundness of any financial transaction, such as moral hazard, facilitatingShow MoreRelatedGlobal Financial Crisis 20083250 Words   |  13 Pages1. Introduction Shah (2010) stated that the global financial crisis which has been brewing for a while has really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. It started with the default of the subprime housing loans in the United States when its housing bubble burst. 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